Ruthanne blanchard, crop development officer blaine hussey, manager of market development date. Fr runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking 19 volume 4 operational friction. Reports from pilots of landing aircraft are a valuable source of information. Revised methodology for computing international friction index article pdf available in transportation research record journal of the transportation research board 22271. Yager senior research engineer nasa langley research center presented at the international forum on aeroelasticity and structural dynamics june 2225, 1999 williamsburg, va abstract some background information is given together with the scope and objectives of a 5year. Clearly, the more alhs focus on planning and allowing adequate time for the project at all stages, the better prepared they will be for unforeseen events. The ftp is the equivalent of the landing threshold point ltp when the final approach course is offset from runway centerline. If you dont have good data on how to treat a slush covered runway, for example, the canadian runway friction index crfi may help you. Yager senior research engineer nasa langley research center for 1st international meeting on aircraft performance on contaminated runways imapcr 96 october 2223, 1996 holiday inn hotel montreal, quebec. Runway friction measurement program jwrfmp to predict the tire braking action of aircraft by using friction data collected by ground vehicles this paper gives the results of using the international runway friction index irfi to predict the tire braking action of aircraft by using friction data collected by ground vehicles. Measurements and power spectra of runway roughness at. Questions canadian runway friction index my company has the following table code \ braking action \ crfi 5 good.
Mhisopairp011 canadian runway friction index measuring page 1 of 2. Runway friction measurement status international airport. Flight service station fss a navcanada operated facility from which aeronautical information and related aviation support services are provided to aircraft including airport and. Demonstrate compliance with transport canadas aerodrome safety circular asc 2001011, tp 312 and other forthcoming regulations. Uncertainty limits for an aircraft based runway friction. Friction and prediction transportation research board. The results are presented as elevation profiles of the runways surveyed and in the form of power spectra p. The joint winter runway friction measurement program nasa. International friction index ifi piarc has developed friction slip speed model piarc model as shown in figure 1 and determined golden values of speed number gs and golden value of friction gf60 based on the results of international experiment. Additional data was gathered on runway surfaces with very low friction indices, such as those covered with smooth ice and having a canadian runway friction index crfi as low as 0. Tests like the one in north bay give airports a numerical rating of a runway s slickness, known as the canadian runway friction index crfi. Nasa langley research center hampton, virginia, usa abstract this paper summarizes the organization efforts, objectives, scope, agenda, test procedures and results from eleven years of conducting the nasa tire runway friction workshop.
Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab i. International runway friction index irfi versus aircraft. This is being accomplished by the establishment of standards covering minimum coefficient of friction for runways, procedures and instruments of measurement and by periodical assessment of runway surface conditions. Agricultural research initiative committee project leaders. An overview of the annual nasa tire runway friction workshop and lessons learned by yager, t. The formulation of friction potential in generic direction is. The joint winter runway friction measurement program nasa perspective thomas j. Phase 1 table 3a airport design standards pullmanmoscow regional airport item faa airport design standards1 airport reference code existing2 biii3,4 biii biii ciii. Canada, prompted by its own fatal crash in 1989, already has such a system. The update stemmed from a southwest 737 accident in 2005. S, it has become apparent that there is a major discrepancy between airports and the methods used in measuring and reporting runway friction values. Reports on runway surface condition and foreign object damage.
On october 1st 2016, the faa updated braking action reports. How best to determine runwayhighway pavement surface. Over 70 formal reports, papers, journal articles and proceedings have been published on the test results. Facilitate accurate, consistent and timely inspection and reporting of runway, taxiway and apron conditions to pilots and other stakeholders.
A broadbased decisionmaking procedure for runway friction. Typical mu values for an aircraft travelling at 65kmhr would be around 0. Purpose in this experiment, we will observe a cart or block moving up an inclined plane at a constant speed and determine the force of friction on the cartblock. Runway friction characteristics me asurement and aircraft braking rufab. Skilled in the operation of the electronic recording decelerometer in order to report on the crfi canadian runway friction index to flight service specialists. The performance of the nrc falcon 20 research aircraft was tested on winter contaminated runway surfaces at the north bay airport during the months of january through march 1998. The canadian runway friction index crfi is used in canada. Friction is measured for each third of the runway, in a direction parallel to the runway centerline.
Updates references to polymerbased runway surface chip seals to account for current materials technology. If each friction value is above maintenance level for each 100 m section fair. Air transportation safety investigation report a19a0012. The timely and accurate measurement of runway friction. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking. Contains guidelines and procedures for the design and construction of skidresistant pavement. A variety of runway lengths or sections and degrees of roughness were measured. It is sometimes referred to as the stop end of runway.
Operational data relating to the reported average crfi and the methods to be used when applying the factors to aircraft performance are presented in air 1. The ability of the travelled surface to prevent the loss of tire traction. Sep 11, 2006 when the friction coefficient drops below 0,40 we will take steps to increase the runways friction coefficient. Runway contamination and related issues represent major runway excursion risk factors and point to an urgent need for a common understanding of the complex interaction between factors that affect the use and performance of aircraft braking systems. That information is passed on to pilots, who use it to calculate how much distance they need to stop after touchdown.
Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment by thomas j. Runway friction and strength research international airport. International association of airport executives canada adv. May 11, 2010 the runway excursion accident involving an airlink south africa embraer rj5lr passenger jet in decemer 2009 was caused by aquaplaning due to poor runway friction, according to the second interim report published by the south african civil aviation authority caa. For m ore information refer to the following publication. Pdf variation of friction coefficient of airport runway. The list of acronyms and abbreviations related to crfi canadian runway friction index. Adequate runway friction between aircraft tyres and the surface of a runway is of great importance to conduct safe operations. How best to determine runwayhighway pavement surface friction. We use different methods, both mechanical and chemical. Standard practice for calculating the international runway friction index withdrawn 2019.
Ac 300019 global reporting format grf for runway surface. Operates appropriate heavy and specialized equipment using approved practices and procedures. Correlation of ground friction measurements to aircraft. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab i bmt document quality control data sheet report. Provides canadian runway friction index crfi checks, and publishes notice of airmens notams as per airport operation requirements. Icaos task force seeking runway friction harmonisation. Flight operations, flight information services in canada, en. Enhancement of surface friction where challenged by water contamination can be achieved by grooving a runway surface to aid more rapid water dispersal. Canadian runway friction index archive pprune forums. The surface friction tester, the british pendulum test and the greasepatched method were regularly conducted on site for runway pavements over a 24month period of time. This document is available in either paper or pdf format.
This was the third year of a fiveyear collaborative test program among transport canada, nasa, nrc. This is especially noted when aircraft are landing on wet or otherwise contaminated runways due to the reduced braking action, which has been well documented since the dawn of the jet aircraft age. Safe operating practice canadian runway friction index measuring mhisopairp011 issue date. Aerodromes equipped with runway friction decelerometer capability are listed in cfs under runway data. Some norwegian airlines have even developed or adopted correlation curves combining aircraft. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft braking rufab. These standards take into account the runway length, runway elevation, wind and the type and weight of scheduled aircraft. The joint winter runway friction measurement program jwrfmp is the focus of this article. Runway roughness evaluation boeing bump methodology. The current icao snowtam format and related directions for its completion should be. Rayloc division of genuine parts company 3100 windy hill rd atlanta, georgia 30339. An international initiative comprised of more than 30 organizations in 12 countries including the united states, canada, france, germany, norway, and japan jwrfmp extensively tests and measures aircraft performance in terms of braking and runway friction. Runway friction index irfi and the corresponding mathematical procedures.
Chapter 3 airport design standards and runway length 32 pullmanmoscow regional airport master plan. If the friction coefficient is above 0,40, aeroplane operators dont need to take the friction coefficient into consideration during landing or takeoff. The results of these studies, as well as previous studies such as the canadian runway friction index and the international runway friction index, may point to the need for new and emerging technologies pertaining to the management of runway surface friction and other surface contaminants related to aircraft performance. Canadian runway friction index crfi the crfi index is a measure of predicted braking action and control during landings, based on the presence of natural forms of runway contaminants, such as snow, water, ice, etc. Knowledge of runway conditions under all types of weather, such as snow, ice, rain, freezing rain, and frost. Here is a piece i wrote for our in house publication on the subject us, 121 operator. After departing the runway, a segment allowing the aircraft to climb to an altitude on a specified heading see figure 2.
When friction is measured at airports according to icao procedures in annex 14 and associated documents the friction measured shall be the maximum friction. Revised methodology for computing international friction index. An overview of the annual nasa tirerunway friction. If each friction value is above minimum level for each 100 m section poor. Determination of the international friction index ifi using the circular texture meter ctm and the dynamic friction tester dft john jewett henry1 hironari abe2 shuichi kameyama3 akinori tamai 4 atsushi kasahara 5 kazuo saito6 1 professor emeritus, pennsylvania state univ ersity, huntingdon, pennsylvania, u. Canadian runway friction index post by dhc5 fri sep 02, 2011 7. Icao documents on which the aerodrome and heliport services are based include annex 14, volume i. From this substantial friction database, engineers have developed an international runway friction index irfi to standardise friction reporting from different devices and to assist pilots in making critical takeoff and landing decisions. High level guide in maintaining runways in accordance to. But its not just that particular accident that caused the change.
New world friction 5196230011 539 collier macmillan drive, unit b cambridge, ontario n1r 7p3 canada nom du fournisseur. Cap 781 runway rehabilitation section 2 page 1 section 2 2. Boeing bump analysis consistent bump index values, although differing in magnitude, are maximum at the same locations along the runway locations of overall worst bumps in same areas for all three profiling devices all three profilers are useful in determining general areas of roughness. Whilst it is impossible to control the geographical locations of areas of commercial attractiveness, the capabilities of the bae 146. Crfi or canadian runway friction index means the average of the friction measurements taken on runway surfaces on which freezing or frozen contaminants are present. Document no 8592008amending council regulation eec no. Astme2100 standard practice for calculating the international runway friction index. Based on this rsc, a canadian runway friction index was not provided, nor was one required. Both an international and a canadian runway friction indices have been identified from ground vehicle and aircraft friction measurements. If friction values for 3 consecutive 100 m sections are under minimum level or if there is no value above maintenance level and at least one value under the minimum level. Data analysis is continuing to improve the harmonization of ground vehicle friction measurements and determine a suitable aircraft friction index based on calculated aircraft stopping distances using irfi. Diii6 diii6 aircraft approach speed canadian notam procedures manual version 19. The faas braking action reports have changed, heres what. We will determine the work done on the object by an external force in the form of a hanging weight via a pulley.
Runway friction coefficient should be measured at least daily and reported via notam if needed. Any disclosure or use of this information or any reproduction of this document for other than the specific purpose for which it is intended is expressly prohibited except as nav canada may otherwise agree in writing. The aibn report notes, however, that airline and airport operators continue to use runway friction measurements as primary data in determining aircraft braking performance. Chapter 3 airport design standards and runway length. Flight operations, flight information services in canada. It is worth noting that the approximate ranges defined in the rcam serve as guidance for mapping a mu value produced by a generic friction measuring device to a runway condition code and they are intended to only be used to downgrade a runway condition code. The rsc for runway 0523 indicated a 160foot centreline, 20% compacted snow, 80% bare and wet, remaining width 70% wet snow 1 inch, 30% bare and wet. Aug 29, 2008 the friction has been eliminated or compensated any further force which is applied which would be a net force or resultant force will cause the trolley to accelerate and the acceleration of the trolley would then be equivalent to gravitational acceleration if the force is a result of a falling body pulling the trolley. Various specifications exist for grooving but most are the same as or close to the faa version, which is 6mm 0. This friction is measured by having a certain slip. Measurements of runway roughness obtained by a profilesurvey method are presented. Evidence from recent aircraft overrun and veer off accidents on wet runways show that the runway friction characteristics versus aircraft braking performance were often a contributing factor. Cap 781 runway rehabilitation civil aviation authority.
A course between wps which is intercepted and acquired as the flight track to the following wp. Runway inspectors ris certifi cation requirements are required for runway inspectors ris, and for staff issuing rcrs andor notams directly aff ecting aircraft operations. Jwrfp joint winter runway friction measurement program. Runway runway closure time sft pre run pre run snow depth runway open time sft post run post run snow depth et 3 runway runway closure time sft pre run pre run snow depth runway open time sft post run post run snow depth set 3c runway runway closure time 26 24 35 30r 6. Slip v free rolling wheel v test wheel v free rolling wheel. George comfort, group leader, cold regions and materials. The average of the runway friction as measured by a mechanical or electronic decelerometer. Runway friction characteristics measurement and aircraft. Aircraft and ground vehicle winter runway friction assessment.